改善腸道最佳益菌元素低聚寡糖-菊糖(文獻)三　　發表日期：2008/11/15 10:35 　　　　　　　　　回上頁

　　This has been proven by many scientific studies (Kuppers-Sonnenberg 1952 , Lewis 1912 , Okey 1919 , Nilsson et al. 1988 , Rumessen et al. 1990 , Ziesenitz and Siebert 1987 ), including studies on ileostomy volunteers (Ellegard et al. 1997 , Knudsen and Hessov 1995 ). These studies indicate that almost all of the inulin or oligofructose ingested enters the colon where it is totally fermented by the colonic microflora. The energy derived from fermentation is largely a result of the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactate, which are metabolized and contribute 1.5 kcal/g of useful energy for both oligofructose and inulin. Other by-products of fermentation include bacterial biomamass and gases that are eventually excreted. Due to the nondigestibility of inulin and oligofructose, they were found to be suitable for consumption by diabetics. Researchers found no influence on serum glucose, no stimulation of insulin secretion and no influence on glucagon secretion (Beringer and Wenger 1995 , Sanno et al. 1984 ). Inulin has a long history of use by diabetics (Lewis 1912 , Persia 1905 ) and in fact has been reported to benefit diabetic patients in high doses (40–100g/d) (McCance and Lawrence 1929 , Root and Baker 1925 , Strauss 1911 , Wise and Hey 1931 ). Dietary fiber. Another important nutritional attribute of inulin and oligofructose is their action as dietary fibers. Dietary fibers may be defined in two ways: by an analytical approach and a physiological one. The analytical definition of dietary fiber used by the AOAC is "remnants of plant cells resistant to hydrolysis by the alimentary enzymes of man" (Trowel and Burkitt 1986 ). Inulin and oligofructose certainly fall under this definition and are now measured analytically with the use of the recently approved AOAC Fructan Method 977.08 (Hoebregs 1997 ). Although there is no official list of physiologic functions that a fiber should possess to meet the definition of fiber, generallylyly accepted physiologic effects of fiber include an effect on intestinal function and the improvement of blood lipid parameters. Dietary fibers also typically have a reduced caloric value. Inulin and oligofructose influence intestinal function by increasing stool frequency, particularly in constipated patients, (Gibson et al. 1995 , Hidaka et al. 1986 , Menne et al. 1997 , Shimoyama et al. 1984 ) increasing stool weight (Gibson et al. 1995 , Oku and Tokunaga 1984 ) as much as 2 g per gram of inulin or oligofructose ingested and decreasing fecal pH (Gibson and Roberfroid 1995 , Menne et al. 1997 ), which has been linked to suppression of the production of putrefactive substances in the colon. Additionally, they reportedly decreased serum triglycerides and blood cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients (Brighenti et al. 1995 , Fiordaliso et al. 1995 , Hata et al. 1983 , Hidaka et al. 1986 , Kok et al. 1996 , Mitsuoka et al. 1986 , Sanno 1986 , Yamashita et al. 1984 ). From an analytical and a physiologic point of view, both inulin and oligofructose should be classed as fibers (Graham and Aman 1986 , Knudsen et al. 1995 , Lee and Prosky 1995 , Nilsson et al. 1988 , Roberfroid 1993 ).